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| Friday, July 30, 2010 |
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Vision of the Engineering Environment
By allanlovemonica @ 7:28 AM :: 1 Views ::
0 Comments ::  :: Business , Other , Technology
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What would the computer-aided factory-engineering environment of the future look like? It would be based upon a computer workstation or network of workstations that provide an integrated set of Replica Breitling Watches design and engineering tools. These software tools would be used by a company’s manufacturing engineering team to continuously improve its production systems. The tools would be used to maintain information about current manufacturing resources, enhance existing production capabilities, and develop new facilities and systems. Engineers working on different workstations would share information through a common manufacturing system-engineering database.
Using this environment, an engineering team might be able to prepare detailed plans and working models for an entire factory in a matter of days. Many alternative solutions to production problems could be quickly developed and evaluated. This type of capability would be a significant improvement over current manual methods that may require weeks or months of intensive activity. To achieve this ambitious goal, a new set of engineering tools is needed.
A company's manufacturing engineering team requires a number of different tools to support its mission. Examples of functions that should be supported include:
Identification of product specifications and production requirements,Reducibility analysis for individual products,Modeling and specification of manufacturing processes,
Modification of product designs to address manufacturability issues,Plant layout and facilities planning,Simulation and analysis of system performance,
Consideration of various economic/cost tradeoffs of different manufacturing processes, systems,tools, and materials,Analysis supporting selection of systems/vendors,
Procurement of manufacturing equipment and support systems,Specification of interfaces and the integration of information systems ask and work place design,
Handling of various organizational and personnel concerns, e.g. labor issues, human factors, health, safety,Compliance with various regulations, specifications, and standards, control of hazardous materials,
Management, scheduling and tracking of projects.
For more information on the types of functions that manufacturing and industrial engineers would need to perform.
The tools that implement these functions must be highly automated and integrated. Automation is needed to eliminate, minimize or simplify tasks that are mundane, repetitive, time-consuming, complex, and/or error-prone. Integration is needed to ensure that tools can share common data and operate in a consistent, synergistic manner.
The engineering tools, taken by them, are not sufficient to achieve productivity goals. The tools need data to be useful. Today, it is unlikely that the data required for a major engineering project could be loaded into the computer in a week's time. On-line engineering reference libraries are needed to streamline this process. On-line technical reference data must be maintained in a format that is accessible and usable by the engineering tools. Some examples of the information that might be contained in these electronic libraries include: Production process models and data.
Generic manufacturing systems configurations,Machinery and equipment specifications,Vendor catalogs,Recommended methods, practices, algorithms, etc.,
Benchmarking data,Typical plant/system layouts,Cost estimation models, labor rates, other cost data,Budget templates,Time standards,Project plans,Laws/government regulations and industrial standards.
The libraries would minimize the amount of time that the engineer spends entering data. They would also allow engineers to quickly develop solutions based upon the work of others. This on-line reference capability does not exist Hublot Replica Watches today.
Another critical aspect of this engineering environment is affordability. The engineering capabilities are needed by large and small manufacturing firms alike. Affordability can best be achieved by designing an environment that can be constructed from low cost "off-the-shelf" commercial products, rather than custom-built computer hardware and software. The basic engineering environment must be affordable. For both cost and technical reasons, it must be designed to be extensible, i.e. , support incremental upgrades. Incremental upgrades would allow companies to add capabilities as they are needed. Commercial software products must be easy to install and integrate with other software already resident in the engineering environment. These capabilities exist to a limited extent in some general-purpose commercial software today, e. g. , word processors, databases, and spreadsheets. Some installation and integration problems have been resolved in these software packages through vendor acceptance of certain “de facto standard" file formats. Both technical and legal problems have resulted from current dependence upon this type of standard within the software community. In any case, there are virtually no existing standards that directly support the installation and integration of software tools within a CAMSE environment. 8. 3.
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| Friday, July 30, 2010 |
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What is Design Analysis
By allanlovemonica @ 7:25 AM :: 1 Views ::
0 Comments :: :: Other
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The design analysis routines available in a CAD system help to consolidate the design process into a more logical work pattern. Rather than having a Thomas Sabo back-and-forth exchange between design and analysis groups, the same person can perform the analysis while remaining at a CAD workstation. This helps to improve the concentration of designers, since they are interacting with their designs in a real-time sense. Because of this analysis, capability designs can be created which are closer to optimum. There is a time saving to be derived from the computerized analysis routines, both in designer time and in elapsed time. These saving results from the rapid response of the design analysis and from the time no longer lost while the design finds its way from the designer's drawing board to the design analyst's queue and back again.
An example of the success of this is drawn from the experience of the General Electric Company with the T700 engine. In designing a jet engine, weight is an important design consideration. During the design of the engine, weights of each component for each design alternative must be determined. This had in the past been done manually by dividing each part into simple geometrical shapes to conveniently compute the volumes and weights. Through the use of CAD and its mass properties analysis function, the mass properties were obtained in 25% of the time formerly taken.
Since alterations in preliminary designs are generally easier to make and analyze with a CAD graphics system, more design alternatives can be explored and compared in the available development time. Consequently, it is reasonable to believe that a better design will result from the computer-aided design procedure.
Interactive CAD systems provide an Thomas Sabo Charms intrinsic capability for avoiding design, drafting and documentation errors. Data entry, transposition, and extension errors that occur quite naturally during manual data compilation for preparation of a bill of materials are virtually eliminated. One key reason for such accuracy is simply that no manual handling of information is required once the initial drawing has been developed. Errors are further avoided because interactive CAD systems perform time-consuming repetitive duties such as multiple symbol placement, and sorts by area and by like item, at high speeds with consistent and accurate results. Still more errors can be avoided because a CAD system, with its interactive capabilities, can be programmed to question input that may be erroneous. For example, the system might question a tolerance of 0. 0001 mm. It is likely that the user specified too many zeros. The success of this checking would depend on the ability of the CAD system designers to determine what input is likely to be incorrect and hence, what to question.
There is also a high level of dimensional control, far beyond the levels of accuracy attainable manually. Mathematical accuracy is often to 14 significant decimal places. The accuracy delivered by interactive CAD systems in three-dimensional curved space designs is so far beyond that provided by manual calculation methods that there is no real comparison.
Computer-based accuracy pays off in many ways. Parts are labeled by the same recognizable nomenclature and number throughout all drawings. In some CAD systems, a change entered on a single item can appear throughout the entire documentation package, effecting the change on all drawings which utilize that part. The accuracy also shows up in the form of more accurate material and cost estimates and tighter procurement scheduling. These items are especially important in such cases as ling-lead-time material purchases.
The single data base and operating system is common to all works-stations in the CAD system. Consequently, the system provides a natural standard for design/drafting procedures. With interactive computer-aided design, drawings are "standardized" as they are drawn; there is no confusion as to proper procedures because the entire format is "built into" the system program.
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| Saturday, July 24, 2010 |
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Political Ads and News
By allanlovemonica @ 4:54 AM :: 4 Views ::
0 Comments :: :: Other
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Many of the questions found at the ends of the chapters on news and advertising can also be asked about the political use of ads and news. Here we include some additional questions that pertain specifically to advertising and news in political campaigns.
Determining Who Is Newsworthy Replica Rolex Watches
What criteria are governing which candidates are receiving news coverage? Are some candidates receiving more coverage than others? Are some candidates receiving more coverage in one medium than in others? If so, why? How are the candidates using the conventions and routines of news coverage to secure news coverage? Are some candidates doing this with greater skill than others? Are reporters reporting these efforts at manipulation?
Determining What Is Covered
Are the candidates' ads a subject of news reporting? If so, what is the focus of such stories? (Cost? claims? evidence? fairness? image? media consultants?) Is one candidate more clearly setting the agenda for the media than others? What agenda is being set for voters by the media? Are they focusing on issues that favor one candidate over the others? Are the media focusing on some primaries and not others? If so, why? Which candidates are benefiting from this focus? Has the nature of coverage changed during the campaign? Has the quantity of the coverage increased, decreased, or remained the same as the campaign has progressed? What interpretation has been placed on each announcement of candidacy and each statement of withdrawal? Are journalists acting to determine the truth or falsity of charges in the campaign? If so, to what effect? Has any candidate invoked libel laws, equal opportunity, or right to access? If so, to what effect? If this is a statewide campaign, a congressional or senatorial campaign, has it received coverage in the national media? If so, what of significance or interest to a national audience is being credited to this campaign?
Relationship of Candidates and Reporters
Compare the treatment of reporters by each campaign. Are they better fed and housed, more courteously treated, in one campaign than others? If so, what effect, if any, is this having on media coverage? Are some journalists being given preferential treatment? If so, to what effect? Are some reporters being punished by the campaign for unfavorable coverage? If so, what form of action is the punishment taking? (Restricted access? undesirable accommodations?) What are the ongoing themes in the coverage of this campaign? (Horse race? appearance versus reality? consistency?)
The Image of the Candidate
Is the image projected by the candidate consistent? If not, what are the discrepancies, and what accounts for them? Is the image projected in person consistent with the image in ads? In news? Are some of the candidates more visually appropriate for televising than others? If so, what impact is that having on the campaign? On reports about the campaign? Has the image of the candidate altered over time? If so, why and to what effect? Is the presence of a media consultant an issue in this campaign? If so, what is the consultant saying about his or her role in the campaign? Is the media consultant helping or hurting the candidate? What are the adjectives used most often by the media to describe this candidate? Is an independent political action committee running ads to create a positive or negative image about one of the candidates? If so, to what effect? How are the candidates reacting to the PAC?
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| Friday, July 23, 2010 |
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The Black Hole
By allanlovemonica @ 6:48 AM :: 4 Views ::
0 Comments :: :: Other
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1.Black holes. They act like huge drains in the universe. Frightening? Fascinating? Or just fantasy? The very concept of black holes confuses our commonsense notions of matter, time and space. The theory that black holes can, and probably do, exist in space doesn't only concern scientists and astronomers. For if the theory is valid, we must question all our basic physical laws and, indeed, our "normal” experience of the physical world around us.
Thomas Sabo Earrings
2.What is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape—not even light. So we can't see a-buck hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only pace—or so we think. How can this happen?
3.The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they "collapse" and sometimes a supernova occurs. The collapse of a star may produce a "White Dwarf" or a "neutron star"—a star whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole.
4.Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.
Einstein's relativity theory is the only one that can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no .constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer—they are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
5.The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. There is one star, called by its catalogue number HDE 226868, which must have a partner. This partner star, it seems, has a mass ten or twenty times greater than the sun—yet we can't see it. Matter from HDE 226868 is being dragged towards this companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions. Thomas Sabo Rings
6.The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them are endless. There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day harness the energy of black holes for man's use on the earth. There are also suggestions that black holes could be used to create bombs in the future, by amplifying radio waves sent up to them. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
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| Friday, July 16, 2010 |
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Excellent Bvlgari Wrist watches
By zjlcr @ 8:31 AM :: 7 Views ::
0 Comments :: :: Other
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